Marie de Flavigny, comtesse d’ Agoult

Marie de Flavigny, comtesse d’ Agoult was born on December 31st, 1805 She died on March 5th 1876 in Paris.

Her pseudonym was Daniel Stern and she was a writer famous for her position in Parisian society in the 1840s and for her liaison with the composer Franz Liszt.

Mme d’Agoult was the daughter of the émigré Comte de Flavigny. In 1827 she married Col. Charles d’Agoult, 20 years her senior. She had early shown strength of will and enthusiasm for justice and freedom, and her marriage disappointed her expectations. Meeting Franz Liszt, she decided in 1834 to run away with him. Their relationship lasted till 1839, when Liszt felt that his musical career prevented a settled life. Their separation became permanent in 1844. Their daughter Cosima was the second wife of the composer Richard Wagner.

Returning to Paris in 1839, Mme d’Agoult began her career as a writer and in 1846 published a largely autobiographical novel, Nélida. She was a close friend of George Sand, whose views on morals, politics, and society she shared and in whose house she had lived for a time with Liszt. She also became the leader of a salon where the ideas that culminated in the Revolution of 1848 were discussed by the outstanding writers, thinkers, and musicians of the day. Her own writings included Lettres républicaines (1848); Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (1850–53); a play, Jeanne d’Arc (1857); a dialogue, Dante et Goethe (1866); and Mes Souvenirs 1806–1833 (1877), supplemented by Mémoires, 1833–1854 (1927), interesting for the light they throw on the social, literary, and musical circles of her time.

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The most outstanding psychological features of aging are the impairment in short-term memory and the lengthening of
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Reproduction and aging

Reproduction is an all-important function of an organism’s life history, and all other vital processes, including senescence and death, are shaped to serve it. The distinction between semelparous and iteroparous modes of reproduction is important for an understanding of biological aging. Semelparous organisms reproduce by a single reproductive act. Annual and biennial plants are semelparous, as are many insects and a few vertebrates, notably salmon and eels. Iteroparous organisms, on the other hand, reproduce recurrently over a reproductive span that usually covers a major part of the total life span.

In semelparous forms, reproduction takes place near the end of the life span, after which there ensues a rapid senescence that quickly leads to the death of the organism. In plants the senescent phase is usually an integral part of the reproductive process and essential for its completion. The dispersal of seeds, for example, is accomplished by processes—including ripening and fall (abscission) of fruits and drying of seed pods—that are inseparable from the overall senescence process. Moreover, the onset of plant senescence is invariably initiated by the changing levels of hormones, which are under systemic or environmental control. If, for example, the hormone auxin is prevented, by experimental means, from influencing the plant, the plant lives longer than normal and undergoes an atypical prolonged pattern of senescent change.

Useful inferences can be drawn from the study of the aging processes of insects that display two distinct kinds of adaptive coloration: the procryptic, in which the patterns and colours afford the insect concealment in its native habitat; and the aposematic, in which the vivid markings serve as a warning that the insect is poisonous or bad tasting. The two adaptation patterns have different optimal species survival strategies: the procryptics die out as quickly as possible after completing reproduction, thus reducing the opportunity for predators to learn how to detect them; the aposematics have longer post-reproductive survival, thus increasing their opportunity to condition predators. Both adaptations are found in the family of saturniid moths, and it has been shown that the duration of theirpost-reproductive survival is governed by an enzyme system that controls the fraction of time spent in flight: procryptics fly more, exhaust themselves, and die quickly; aposematics fly less, conserve their energies, and live longer.

These examples indicate that in semelparous forms, in which full vigour and function are required until virtually the end of life, senescence has an onset closely coupled with the completion of the reproductive process and is governed by relatively simple enzymatic mechanisms that can be modified by natural selection. Such specific, genetically controlled senescence processes are instances of programmed life termination.

The iteroparous forms include most vertebrates, most of the longer-lived insects, crustaceans and spiders, cephalopod and gastropod mollusks, and perennial plants. In contrast to semelparous forms, iteroparous organisms need not survive to the end of their reproductive phase in order to reproduce successfully, and the average fraction of the reproductive span survived varies widely between groups: small rodents and birds in the wild survive on the average only 10 percent to 20 percent of their potential reproductive lifetimes; whales, elephants, apes, and other large mammals in the wild, on the other hand, live through 50 percent or more of their reproductive spans, and a few survive beyond reproductive age. In iteroparous forms the onset of senescence is gradual, with no evidence of specific systemic or environmental initiating mechanisms; senescence manifests itself early as a decline in reproductive performance. In species that grow to a fixed body size, decline of reproductive capacity begins quite early and accelerates with increasing age. In large egg-laying reptiles, which attain sexual maturity while relatively small in size and continue to grow during a long reproductive span, the number of eggs laid per year increases with age and body size but eventually levels off and declines. The reproductive span in such cases is shorter than the life span.

These comparisons illustrate the influence exerted by factors of population dynamics on the evolution of reproductive and bodily(somatic) senescence. The proportional contribution of an individual to the rate of increase of the iteroparous population obviously diminishes as the number of his living progeny increases. In addition, his reproductive capacity diminishes with age. These facts imply that there is an optimum number of littersper lifetime. Whether or not these influences of population dynamics lead to the evolution of adaptive senescence patterns has long been debated by gerontologists but has not yet been investigated definitively.

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124  Because  Louis Agassiz was beyond question one of the ablest, wisest, and best informed of the biologists …
125  Alexander Agassiz was born on December 17th, 1835 at  Neuchâtel in Switzerland. He died on March 27th, 1910, at sea ….
126  Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz was born on December 5th, 1822 in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. She died on June 27th, 1907 at Arlington Heights ….
127  Lake Agassiz is the largest of the ice-marginal lakes that once covered what are now parts of Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in Canada ….
128  The Agate Fossil Beds National Monument is a natural “depository” of an extinct animal community on the Niobrara River in north-western Nebraska …..
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Biological and Genetic theories theories of aging

Aging has many facets. Hence there are a number of theories, each of which many explain one or more aspects of aging; there is, however, no single theory that explains all of the phenomena of aging.

One theory of aging assumes that the life span of a cell or organism is genetically determined—thatthe genes of an animal contain a “program” that determines its life span just as eye colour is determined genetically. Although long life is recognized often as a familial characteristic, and short-lived strains of fruit flies, rats, and mice can be produced by selective breeding, other factors clearly can significantly alter the basic genetic program of aging.

Another genetic theory of aging assumes that cell death is the result of “errors” introduced in the formation of key proteins, such as enzymes. Slight differences induced in the transmission of information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of the chromosomes through ribonucleic (RNA) molecules (the “messenger” substance) to the proper assembly of the large and complex enzyme molecules could result in a molecule of the enzyme that would not “work” properly. These so-called error theories have not yet been firmly established, but studies are in progress.

As cells grow and divide, a small proportion of them undergo mutation; that is, they become “different” with a change in their chromosome structure that is then reproduced when they again divide. The “somatic mutation” theory of aging assumes that aging is due to the gradual accumulation of mutated cells that do not perform normally.

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Abancay

Abancay is the capital of Apurímac departamento, Inca región, southern Peru. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Marino River at 7,798 feet (2,377 metres) above sea level, in a cool, dry intermontane basin. The exact date of the founding of Abancay (from the Quechua Indian amankay, the name of a wildflower resembling a white lily) is unknown, but it was a leading commercial centre during the Spanish colonial era. Proclaimed a town in 1873, it was given city status in 1874. Abancay is the agricultural and industrial centre of much of Apurímac. The growing and milling of sugar, liquor and rum distilling, copper mining, and sericulture are important.

Abancay lies about 300 miles (480 km) east-southeast of Lima and is fairly isolated. Roads link it to the Andean cities of Ayacucho and Cuzco and to the coastal Pan-American Highway at Nazca. Pop. (1993) 46,997; (1998 est.) 49,513.

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